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Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali ((アラビア語:أبو الأسود الدؤلي)) (ca. 603CE/16BH – 688 or 689CE/69AH) was a close companion of Ali ibn Abi Talib and a grammarian. He was the first to place consonant-pointing and vowel-pointing (markings) on Arabic letters to clearly identify them. He was the first to write on Arabic linguistics, and is said to be the first to write a book on Arabic grammar (''nahw'').〔Ibn Khallikan. ''Wafaayat al-'Ayaan.'' vol. 1 p. 663.〕 Al-Du'ali educated many students.〔M. Mukarram Ahmed. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam.'' p. 83.〕
== Letter-pointing and vowel-pointing ==
Al-Du'ali is credited with inventing a system of placing large colored dots above certain letters to differentiate consonants (because several groups share the same shape), and indicate short vowels (because the sounds are not otherwise indicated). Consonant differentiation is called ''I'jam'' (or ''naqt''). Vowel indication is called ''tashkil''. Al-Du'ali's large-dot system addressed both of these, resolving readers' confusion and making clear how to read and write Arabic words.〔
Although effective, the large dots were difficult to use on small-size fonts and on any but a limited selection of scripts. They were also time-consuming to make on any size font or script. Thus, the Umayyad governor al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi asked two of al-Du'ali’s students to create and codify a new system that was simpler and more efficient. A new ‘’tashkil’’ system was developed by Al Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (d. 786). It has been universally used for Arabic script since the early 11th century.〔
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